Energy Efficient Operation of Three Phase Induction Motor

Energy Efficient Operation of Three Phase Induction Motor Energy Efficient Operation of Three Phase Induction Motor Using DELSTAR Converter for Machine Tools Abstract DELSTAR converter is an electronic system to be interfaced with the existing STAR DELTA starter for machine tools. Induction motor consumes more power while it is operated at DELTA mode for a long time under no load condition. The proposed system gives the solution for the above stated problem. When the load on the motor is less than 40% of full load, it switches the motor to operate in STAR mode to save energy. When the load increases beyond 40%, it automatically switches the motor to operate in DELTA mode. The starting regimen is not disturbed. The proposed converter is recommended for applications where load changes are not too fast (not more than 120 times/hour). This can be used with any capacity motor by choosing appropriate current transformers (C.Ts) and setting the current level using the potentiometer built in. Keywords DELSTAR converter, machine tools, energy saving, current transformers Introduction Lathes will perform as many operations like face, turn, neck, taper, drill, bore, spin, file, polish, hone, buff, knurl, cut internal and external threads and cut off work. Relatively hard materials are handled by a metal lathe. For repetitive production of parts, turret lathes and capstan lathes are used. Induction motor of several HP is coupled with turret lathe and CNC machines too. Induction motors draw higher currents during their starting operations than is the case under full load running conditions. In the early days Direct-on-Line have been used. The short duration inrush currents, greatly exceeds the Starting currents. Complex starting methods to reduce Starting currents is compromised by other inrush currents [1], [4]. Induction motors are started normally with direct on line, but when large motors are started with D.O.L. starter, due to starting surge current, the supply line voltage is disturbed. To limit the starting surge current, reduced voltage is given to induction motors at start and then have full supply voltage when they run up to near rated speed. Comparison between the different starting methods of induction motor in terms of power quality is to figure out the reliable starting method which has the less power quality problems [5]. Efficient torque/current characteristics are provided by STAR-DELTA, industries prefer STAR-DELTA starters for their application. The large amounts of losses which occur at low speeds determine the users given by the wound rotor only for starting. The losses specific to the additional rotor resistor are quite important [3] while analyzing the performance of the induction motor. Industries will operate three phase induction motors at delta connection mode since machine runs very efficiently when the machine under fully loaded condition. When the motor is loaded less than 40% of the full load, it runs under inefficient energy zone. So, the induction motor will consume more power from the supply side during partially loaded condition. In order to compensate the power consumption, the motor load is virtually added by connecting stator winding from delta mode to star mode. If the load on the motor is increased above 40% of full load current, winding connection automatically changes from star to delta for efficient operation. Figure 1 Block diagram of proposed system System Analysis Existing System Motor draws more current than the full load at the time of starting, resulting in burnout of motor winding and / or starter. When DOL starter is used, because of high starting current, there is a big voltage dip in the electrical installation and therefore DOL starter is not suitable for higher rating squirrel cage induction motors. Significant energy wastage results reduced motor life. The system which exists is starting current reduction and the starters at the time of start of motor is star-delta starter. The STAR-DELTA starter is used at the time of starting only, not under running condition. The starter may be operated semi-automatically or fully-automatically. The semi-automatic operation is done by the push button switch. Fully-automatic starter is built with the timer which is used to change the STAR to DELTA connection after some predefined time. The both types of STAR-DELTA starter changes the winding connection from STAR to DELTA, and it is not possible to change the windi ng connection from the DELTA to STAR during running of induction motor. This problem is overcome by employing proposed starter with induction motor which changes the winding connection during both starting and running condition. 2.2 Explored Technology The proposed converter (refer figure 1) is to change the winding connection from STAR to DELTA and vice versa at the running condition of the induction motor. The switching process is done according to the load variation of the motor at particular instant. The construction of the converter is also similar to the starter with the small modification in the circuit. It is an automatic converter and the automatic process is made by the microcontroller. In the ancient system, there is no microcontroller available. Any one of the phase is taken for the current sensing using current sensor. The sensor circuit continuously senses the load variation in the motor and the output is produced according to the variation of load. When the load on the motor is less than 40% of the full load rated current, the controller activates the STAR connected contactors, so that the motor can run at STAR connection. When the load on the motor is above 40% of full load rated current, the controller activates th e DELTA connected contactors, so that the motor can run at DELTA connection. The converter accurately operates for the pre-setting value of the current sensor. If the motor load current reaches to 41% of the full load rated current the converter switches the motor from STAR to DELTA. And, if the motor load current comes 39% of the full load current, the converter switches the motor from DELTA to STAR. The converter can sense the current continuously so that the losses are reduced by maximum amount. Moreover, the converter can also be used as the starter. System Specification Hardware units are split into many sub units and each unit requires power supply to energize the circuit. Figure 2 Power supply circuit for relays and microcontroller +12V SPDT relay and +5V SPDT relay were used here. So that relay requires +12V supply and +5V also for microcontroller unit. The LM7812 and LM7805 are the voltage regulators which is used to regulate the output voltage of the bridge rectifier in Figure 2. Then the output is again filtered with the capacitor. +24V power supply is used to energize the sensor unit. The current is sensed with the help current transformer with buffer unit to adjust the current setting. This circuit is designed with the help of LM317k voltage regulator in figure 3. Figure 3 Circuit diagram for sensor unit motor Above the preset value, the transistor operates and relay gets energized so that microcontroller switches the operation into DELTA mode. Microcontroller switches the operation into DELTA mode. The conversion process takes minimal time in milli seconds and give accurate change over from STAR to DELTA and vice versa. ULN2003 is a driver which drive the signal input from current sensor to the microcontroller and also the STAR and DELTA contactor. The analog output from the microcontroller is not suitable to operate the +12V relay. So the analog output of the microcontroller is changed from the +5V to +12V with the help of driver unit (refer Figure 4). The microcontroller is to control the switching of STAR or DELTA relay while the motor is under the running condition. When the load is current is below the predefined value, the controller will energize the STAR contactor and if the controller input is high, it will activate the DELTA contactor. The input and output are enabled in the same port of the microcontroller. The pin 2 is enabled for STAR and the pin 3 is enabled for DELTA. The mode of operation is displayed in the Liquid Crystal Display. XTAL1 and XTAL2 are the input and output respectively of an inverting amplifier which is used as a crystal oscillator in the frequency range of 1.2 MHz to 12 MHz. The RESET circuit is connected with the microcontroller in pin 9 (refer Figure 5). Figure 4 ULN2003 driver circuit Figure 5 Circuit diagram of controller unit The output of the relay driver is given to the relay coil for energizing. The output of the relay driver unit is either 0V or 5V. The relay is connected in 15th pin of the driver IC. So, whenever the output of the relay is +5V then the star contactors will be activated. The delta unit is also used to connect the motor with the converter part. Figure 6 Circuit diagram of star contactor The output of the delta relay driver unit is either 0V or 5V. So, whenever the output of the relay is +5V then the delta contactor will be activated. Figure 7 Circuit diagram of delta contactor With the help of the above arrangements, the contactors change the winding connection from STAR to DELTA and DELTA to STAR simultaneously while the motor is under running condition. The LCD display unit will display the motor running condition and also the load current. LEDs are used to indicate the status of the relays. Experimental Results The converter is tested with 5HP squirrel cage induction motor by conducting simple brake test in laboratory. The power factor is fairly good in delta mode compare to the star for the same current values of the motor. The performance of the induction motor is good in delta connection but only when the motor is under fully loaded condition. Under no load or partially loaded condition, the motor operated in inefficient zone since machine consumes more energy than star mode. The table given below proves that the converter can improve the efficiency of the motor at the same time; it can reduce the energy consumed by the motor significantly. TABLE I Energy Saving Data For A 5 HP Motor Load Current in Amps. Power Factor Output Power in Watts Volt Amps Delta Star Delta Star Delta Star Delta Star 3.7 0.8 0.17 0.23 367 128 2140 532 4.4 0.95 0.15 0.24 476 165 3025 641 4.7 1 0.15 0.34 545 233 3177 673 4.8 1.4 0.28 0.65 866 606 2961 887 5 2.1 0.43 0.80 1240 986 2922 1231 5.5 2.7 0.53 0.85 1741 1493 3298 1735 6.3 5 0.71 0.86 2691 2559 3661 2918 The tests conducted on a 5 HP motor with a full load current of 7.9 amps, the energy savings on no load is 65.3%, reduction in operating current is upto 79.4%, reduction in demand 78.8% and improvement in power factor 60%. Figure 8 Characteristics of Motor (Star Delta) Discussions And Future Developments This work concluded that the star delta converter is very useful for all the kind of three phase induction motors from smaller rating to the larger rating, the converter can be designed accordingly. In the present days, the starters only used and it has low sensitivity. If the automatic star delta star converter is replaces the starter, the performance and life time of the motors will be increased. Since the converter can be operatable at the running time of the motor it reduces the losses in switching and during operation. The converter is designed with the small hardware units and it is very easy to install with the motors. Cost wise also the converters is very economical. This converter will reach the market with cheaper cost soon and reduces the energy consumption. References P. C. Krause, O. Wasynczuk, and S. D. Sudhoff, Analysis of Electric Machinery and Drive Systems, 2nd ed. Piscataway, NJ: IEEE Press, 2002. D. Gritter, D. Wang, and T. G. Habetler, Soft starter inside delta motor modeling and its control, in Proc. IEEE-IAS Annu.Meeting, Oct. 8-12, 2000, vol. 2, pp. 1137-1141. Williams, A. Jack., Griffith, M. Shan, Evaluating the Effects of Motor Starting on industrial and Commercial Power Systems, IEEE Transactions on Industry Applications, 1978, Vol. IA-14, No. 4, pp. 292-305. Larabee, J., Pellegrino, B., Flick, B. Induction motor starting methods and issues, Industry Applications Society 52nd Annual Petroleum and Chemical Industry Conference, 2005, pp.217-222. Phillip W. Rowland, Low Impact Motor Control with Star-Delta Starting, IEEE Annual Textile, Fiber and Film Industry Technical Conference, 1998, pp. 10/1 10/9. Austin H. Bonnett, The Benefits of Allowing for Increased Starting Current in AC Squirrel Cage Induction Motors, IEEE Transactions on Industrial Applications, 1991, Vol. 27, No.6, pp. 1169-1174. Chapman S.J., Electric Machinery Fundamentals, 4th ed., Australia: Mc Graw-Hill, 2005, pp. 380-472. AUTHORS BIOGRAPHY PREMKUMAR Mcompleted his Bachelor of Engineering in Electrical Electronic Engineering in Sri Ramakrishna Institute of Technology, (SRIT), Coimbatore -641010, India. He also completed his Master degree in Applied Electronics in Anna University of Technology, Coimbatore, India. Currently, pursuing his Ph.D. in Anna University, Chennai. The author has presented many Technical Papers in various National International Conferences. Currently, he is working as an Assistant Professor in Electrical Electronics Engineering. His field of interest is Electrical machines, embedded systems, Renewable energy resources, Robotics, Electrical drives Control and Power electronics. SOWMYA R received her B.E. in Electrical and Electronics Engineering from Saranathan College of Engineering, Tiruchirappalli, India in 2013 and M.Tech. in Energy Engineering from National Institute of Technology, Tiruchirappalli , India, in 2015. She worked as an Assistant Professor/ Dept. of Electrical and Electronics Engineering in KPR Institute of Engineering and Technology, Coimbatore, India for the academic year 2015-2016. She is currently working as an Assistant Professor/Dept. of Power Engineering in GMR Institute of Engineering and Technology, Rajam, India. Her research interest includes control systems, Electric vehicle and Renewable Energy.

Money as a Motivator Essay

Money as a Motivator: The reasoning behind it. Organizational Behavior March 26, 2013 Table of Contents Executive Summary†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.3 What is money†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.4 How important money is†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.4-6 Why companies move to poor countries†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..6 Money motivation theories†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.7-8 Keeping employee’s satisfied†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚ ¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦8-10 Embezzlement scandals†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.10-12 Summary†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. 11-13 Executive Summary The dynamic force that ultimately guides work-related behavior is money, money and only money. In defining the word money on the other hand, we look beyond of what is generally accepted money only being paper, notes and coins, seeing that we believe money in the circumstances of the workplace can exist in various forms. In this case, it is obvious to see that what motivates a company to move towards globalization, according to the facts that it is money and only money. This is one of the reasons we disagree with theorists like Fredrick Herzberg that came up with reasoning or the idea that money does not motivate, â€Å"†¦So for Herzberg money was not a motivator† (Chapman, 2001). Money motivates me to do lots of things, as it does you, and a lot of money would motivate me to do things that I wouldn’t do for less. Famous sayings like â€Å"money makes the world go around†, â€Å"money makes the mare go† and â€Å"show me the money† successfully serve as testaments to our argument but reflecting on the previous examples, money as we have defined it, is clearly the sole motivator in work and many other environments. In the unfortunate cases, money as the sole motivator in the workplace ranges from exploitation of people for cheap labor in some countries, to more publicly-known crimes such as murder and embezzlement. What is actually is money? This is a very commonly asked question, especially  in today’s society. Money is nothing but what you see- printed coins and paper, yet looking at society today it is plain to see money plays a critical part. (Elliott, 2007) There is absolutely no question that we live in a very materialistic world today that we are selves have actually created. In this kind of society, it is strongly believed that the only true motivation is that of â€Å"making the most money.† We, the approving team believe this to be true, especially in the workplace where it seems play the biggest part. The dynamic force that ultimately guides work-related behavior is money, money and only money. That is â€Å"only money motivates people, to get the job done.† According to the Oxford Dictionary the term motivate is defined as â€Å"to give incentive to†, or â€Å"the reason why a person(s) is behaving or acting in a certain way.† It is regarded as the â€Å"internal drive† that can enforce an individual to portray distinct behavior (Kreitner, 1995). In defining the word money on the other hand, we look beyond of what is generally accepted money only being paper, notes and coins, seeing that we believe money in the circumstances of the workplace can exist in various forms. Examples of which include; the sharing of profits, commissions, and tips, share issues as well as objects that can be or are of high monetary value. The following paragraphs will explain to the readers that prove the statement â€Å"only money motivates† by clarifying various examples that have perceived to confirm this statement as indefinitely true. You only have to take one look at society today to really acknowledge that only money motivates. The lottery as an example, there are no other logical reason behind a person’s motive in buying a lottery ticket, or any other form of a gambling ticket other than that person being motivated by the idea they could win a very large lump-sum of money. Things like reality television and radio today will entice people with an amount of money to exploit themselves in every way possible or thinkable way. Let’s can this statement for example, would you hunt down the one person that holds hundreds and hundreds of dollars for the fun of it? Would you eat a year old rotting cow’s intestine out of your own free will? There are also many significant past events have also given people that drive to be, motivated  by money. In the years between1896-1900 the event known infamously as the Klondike Gold Rush created absolute chaos in the Yukon, Canada. The Yukon’s population exploded in the next 3 years as people rushed from everywhere in the world to try their luck in increasing their wealth and fortune, this is a prime example motivated purely by their hopes and in some cases dreams of discovering of gold, in â€Å"the great north of Canada.† (Yukon, 2013) In the workplace today, we are also finding a very similar trend occurring. Money is the reason behind the choice made by numerous men and women today to bid farewell their love ones, friends and colleagues to seek better paid job opportunities overseas, or here in Canada across the country. Engineers, electricians, mechanics, and countless other people are being lured overseas or cross country by wages that allow those people to enjoy the greater comforts in life, and jobs that provide them enough opportunities to grow or move up the ‘totem pole’ in their fields. This opportunity is so great that it also allows for a possible job change. A great man once said â€Å"Money has never made man happy, nor will it, there is nothing in its nature that to produce happiness. The more of it one has the more one wants.† That was said by Benjamin Franklin, former president of the United States of America. (Franklin, 2013) There is no doubt that this case is just one of many. An article with the heading ‘Growing crisis for our hospitals as 5,500 a year join the brain drain in search of better pay’ (Browne, 2001) says it all. Not only are engineers making the move overseas, but they are shifting their focus beyond their national home borders to seek better wages. These individuals are motivated purely by the concept and desire of higher salaries, and a seemingly better life. The motivating powers of money are also drawing the attentions of many star athletes. Soccer and Hockey are a good example, where they take every possible opportunity to play for the ‘highest bidder’, or make the most amount of money, which unfortunately sees a lot of great talent leaving the country. Have they forgone the opportunity to pride fully play for their own country just for the sake of a higher salary? It does appear so. In addition, it has also been noted that professional tennis players have refused to play at some of the greatest tennis courts in the world, because  the monetary awards were not to the player’s satisfaction. Workers and professional athletes are not the only ones packing up to seek better financial opportunities and rewards. Companies have also started to focus their efforts in a more globalized-context by becoming promising multinational companies. There is only one motive behind big multinational companies; they make billions upon billions of dollars. What motivates a multinational company to hire labors from poor countries? They have the ability to make greater profits, because of the lower pay-out. Seeing as people in poorer countries will work for less, multinational companies have realized the way to save big on wages and further increase their profits is to utilize this ‘cheap labor’. In this case, it is obvious to see that what motivates a company to move towards globalization, according to the facts that it is money and only money. This might not always be a bad thing, because these companies do bring work to these countries that might not otherwise have any work. (Dollar, 2012) There are a numerous jobs in society there today, some which most people are less than willing to perform. Yet there are so many people who are willing to perform these jobs every single day. A garbage collector who collects foul smelling trash daily stands by their work because they know they are getting paid enough for their efforts. This is the only reason why they choose to do what they do. You could say, to them â€Å"only money motivates† in this instance. These jobs have nothing to offer in terms of working conditions and other job benefits, all they have to offer is money. These people do not care about the conditions, because the money alone is enough to satisfy. This is one of the reasons we disagree with theorists like Fredrick Herzberg that came up with reasoning or the idea that money does not motivate, â€Å"†¦So for Herzberg money was not a motivator† (Chapman A. , 2001). Thomas A Stewart a writer for Business 2.0 magazines claims â€Å"Money is not a motivator, and that statement is complete nonsense. Money motivates me to do lots of things, as it does you, and a lot of money would motivate me to do things that I wouldn’t do for less. Money motivates.† (Chapman T. ) The reoccurring incidences of wages disputes and industrial strikes that have  loomed society also offer a proving point as to why only money motivates. Qantas baggage handlers and freight workers were recently involved in a protracted dispute with the company about wages. (News, 2011) More significant recently were the strikes of nearly 4000 Sydney bus drivers, which affected most of us in some way. This big fuss was caused all by one major issue- pay. Bus drivers of Sydney had called for a 27% increase in their base wage over three years. Claiming that, their pay had fallen far behind other public sector jobs in recent years. Everywhere in the media we hear about unhappy workers calling for pay rises. Yet you never do you hear workers striking over other workplace related issues. It almost sounds unbelievable for a group of staff if they were receiving high pay packages, to strike over their belief that they feel unappreciated or undervalued in the workplace and because they feel their achievement have gone unnoticed by managers at work. This subject matter then makes want to ask where non-monetary gestures fit in all this? Our belief is that non-monetary factors such as working conditions, interpersonal relationships and organizational policies and procedures are not motivators but merely hygiene factors that only serve to keep people from being dissatisfied, so here we indeed agree with Herzberg’s theory of motivation. We believe the factors that provide job satisfaction only cause and strengthen organizational commitment, but not motivation or work performance. Many people these days would rather work overtime, weekends and nights than call it a day if they knew they were in return receiving a bonus from their supervisor. As mentioned before monetary rewards such as share and stocks can also be regarded as money. Many companies offer these options to their employees to motivate them towards achieving the organizational goals of higher work productivity and performance. Last year, Vodafone granted share options to more than 42000 employees around the world. Each employee receiving an option to buy Vodafone shares with a face value equal to 50% of their annual salary (Vodafone, 2001). Proposed plans like these have been a success as a survey conducted in 1997 discovered that broad-based stock option companies  had 31% more productivity than all public companies (NCEO). Share schemes are improving productivity because employees are realizing that the more profit the business makes the greater the dividend they receive. This will thereby securely aligning the employee’s individual goals of making money with the organization’s overall objective of profitability and success. Money is also the only reason behind employees staying with a company. Offering bonuses and having an above-average salary. Entrepreneurship maintains if you want to keep and retain employees you must: 1. Pay employees higher than market rates; ‘employees stay happier and work harder if they are paid higher than the normal market rates.’ 2. Establish a signing or continuation bonus. One local entrepreneur offered a key receptionist a $5,000 bonus if she stayed three more years. If she left before the three years, then she was legally responsible for the prorated share of the bonus not earned. We believe that bonuses that tie employees to the company over a three to four year time period are excellent investments. 3. Have an incentive system in place. It is plain to see that more money will motivate an employee to stay with their firm and therefore insure the long-term viability of the business. Would having flexible hours and challenging work entice an employee to stay, if they are not receiving an appealing pay package? It is highly unlikely. 4. Create a culture of education, for employees; the single most important motivational factor was the ability to learn. To keep employees motivated, agencies need to build a culture of learning, where employees leave more enriched at the end of each day. 5. Provide regular, consistent feedback. Employee feedback is a critical part of the education process, and shouldn’t just be relegated to the annual review. To be effective, feedback needs to be specific and actionable. But that’s not always how it works. In a study by Leadership IQ, 53 percent of employees said that when their boss praises excellent performance, the feedback does not provide enough useful information to help them repeat it. And 65 percent responded that when their boss criticizes poor performance, it doesn’t provide enough useful information to help them correct the issue. (Daniel Debow, 2011) On a different note yet still on the context of the workplace, money has also motivated a minority group of individuals to the extreme point of corruption. Sneza Suteski, an accounts clerk, was found guilty of murder for arranging the death of her boss. What was her motive? Money, Suteski devised an â€Å"elaborate and complex† scheme by changing bank numbers in the automatic payments system for invoices she got approval for that would have seen $500,000 flow into the bank accounts of herself, her brother and her ex-boyfriend (Crichton, 2002). This case serves to prove the extreme motivational power of money in the workplace, even if it involved carrying out something horrendous like murder. Emphasizing the point once again, that people are purely driven by money. Embezzlement is another workplace related crime purely motivated by money. It involves the act of an employee stealing company funds from their employers. This month, there are many â€Å"famous† embezzlement cases throughout the world, this case is just one of many. In 1997, Yasuyoshi Kato embezzled $90 million from Day-Lee Food’s Inc. (Marguet, 2011). This case is seen as the worst embezzlement case in the history of the United States. This is just one of many cases of embezzlement that is going on in workplaces today. Employees that carry out these unethical and dishonest acts are driven by the thought of getting their hands on one thing only- money. Famous sayings like â€Å"money makes the world go around†, â€Å"money makes the mare go† and â€Å"show me the money† successfully serve as testaments to our argument but reflecting on the previous examples, money as we have defined it, is clearly the sole motivator in work and many other environments. In fact, it is such a powerful motivator that it enables people to consistently work under conditions that the majority wouldn’t wish to encounter for a day. On the other hand, if people don’t have enough, workers and unions are happy to disrupt the lives of the public to get more money and where this is not possible, many sporting and other individuals are happy to leave the country in search of it. In the unfortunate cases, money as the sole motivator in the workplace ranges from exploitation of people for cheap labor in some countries, to more publicly-known crimes such as murder and embezzlement.  Ultimately, there is no doubt in our minds and everyone else’s heads that ‘only money motivates’. Summary Money is nothing but what you see- printed coins and paper, yet looking at society today it is plain to see money plays a critical part. The dynamic force that ultimately guides work-related behavior is money, money and only money. That is â€Å"only money motivates people, to get the job done.† In defining the word money on the other hand, we look beyond of what is generally accepted money only being paper, notes and coins, seeing that we believe money in the circumstances of the workplace can exist in various forms. You only have to take one look at society today to really acknowledge that only money motivates. The lottery as an example, there are no other logical reason behind a person’s motive in buying a lottery ticket, or any other form of a gambling ticket other than that person being motivated by the idea they could win a very large lump-sum of money. There are also many significant past events have also given people that drive to be, motivated by money. Money is the reason behind the choice made by numerous men and women today to bid farewell their love ones, friends and colleagues to seek better paid job opportunities overseas, or here in Canada across the country. In this case, it is obvious to see that what motivates a company to move towards globalization, according to the facts that it is money and only money. This is one of the reasons we disagree with theorists like Fredrick Herzberg that came up with reasoning or the idea that money does not motivate, â€Å"†¦So for Herzberg money was not a motivator† (Chapman, 2001). Money motivates me to do lots of things, as it does you, and a lot of money would motivate me to do things that I wouldn’t do for less. The reoccurring incidences of wages disputes and industrial strikes that have loomed society also offer a proving point as to why only money motivates. Our belief is that non-monetary factors such as working conditions, interpersonal relationships and organizational policies and procedures are not motivators but merely hygiene factors that only serve to keep people from being dissatisfied, so here we indeed agree with Herzberg’s theory of motivation. Many companies offer these options to their employees to motivate them towards achieving the organizational goals of higher work productivity and performance. It is plain to see that more money will motivate an employee to stay with their firm and therefore insure the long-term viability of the business. On a different note yet still on the context of the workplace; money has also motivated a minority group of individuals to the extreme point of corruption. This case serves to prove the extreme motivational power of money in the workplace, even if it involved carrying out something horrendous like murder. Embezzlement is another workplace related crime purely motivated by money. Famous sayings like â€Å"money makes the world go around†, â€Å"money makes the mare go† and â€Å"show me the money† successfully serve as testaments to our argument but reflecting on the previous examples, money as we have defined it, is clearly the sole motivator in work and many other environments. In the unfortunate cases, money as the sole motivator in the workplace ranges from exploitation of people for cheap labor in some countries, t o more publicly-known crimes such as murder and embezzlement. Bibliography Chapman, A. (2001). Frederick Herzberg motivational theory. Retrieved March 9, 2013, from http://businessball.com: http://www.businessballs.com/herzberg.htm Chapman, T. (n.d.). Business 2.0. Crichton, S. (2002, May 29). Cold hang behind her boss’s murder gets 24 years’ jail. Retrieved March 13, 2013, from http://www.smh.com/au: http://www.smh.com.au/articles/2002/05/28/1022569772348.html Daniel Debow, R. (2011). 5 ways to keep your rockstar employee’s happy. Dollar, D. (2012). Making Globalization Work for the Poor. Retrieved from http://worldbank.org: http://live.worldbank.org/making-globalization-work-poor Elliott, M. F. (2007). Greenwood Guides to Business and Ecomomics: Money. Westport, Conneticut : Greenwood Press. Franklin, B. (2013, Feburary 24). www.brainyquotes.com. Retrieved from Brainy Quotes. Marguet, C. T. (2011, April 22). The top 10 embezzlement cases in modern US history. Retrieved March 16, 2013, from marquetinternational: http://www.marquetinternational.com/pdf/top_10_embezzlement_cases_in_us_history.pdf NCEO. (n.d.). Broadly Granted Stock Options Improve Corporate Performance. Retrieved March 16, 2013, from www.nceo.org:

Possible Thematic Essay Topics Features

Possible Thematic Essay Topics Features How to Get Started with Possible Thematic Essay Topics? In our totally free database you will discover only substantial quality, professional and intriguing paper. You've got to permit the reader to absorb the important issues of your composition. Notably, excellent writing skills warrant that you should brainstorm and organize her or his work in a way that respects the agreed style. The next stage of writing a thematic paper is to figure out the appropriate system of the way to compose a thematic essay. There is a huge selection of topics which can be employed to compose impressive parts of academic writing. Use the chapter exams as a pre-assessment to find out your weak spots, then conserve time by working through only the lessons you want. You need to be laconic but precise and the exact same moment. Regardless, you should learn various other necessities if you wish to create a suitable project. As soon as you get familiar with the subject, you need to select your side. The given above information is truly helpful. Whenever you have the info, you've got to organize it. No Bull, you should have lots of outside info. Students lead busy lives and frequently forget about a coming deadline. It's essential that students understand precisely what they are anticipated to write about in the essay. Every student demands help with homework from time to time. As a consequence, many students utilize the help of special on-line services. Though it has a number of similarities with other essay types, there are a few significant differences too. The most frequently encountered paper writing service that the vast majority of our clients require is essay writing. You'll get experience and some surplus spending money! It's therefore critical to take some time and research well before embarking on the approach. One more thing that's always fantastic to do is to find somebody else to read your paper. When in doubt look for the most regularly brought up talking point, and you'll locate the heart of the essay. End the intro by means of your thesis statement the point you're likely to be making throughout the essay, and the remaining portion of the essay will be supporting. The next matter to discuss is the best way to compose a thematic essay. Generally, a thematic essay is simply an outline of the chief points. As the main purpose of a thematic essay prompt is to produce the student respond to the particular questions, so give your solution at the end! Even in the event the essay's questions seem unrelated, it's important to draw a parallel. Overall, introduction provides your primary idea. Introduction comes first in the start of the thematic essay. It is the heart of every essay. Discuss whether Macbeth is a really tragic figure. Theme essays are thought to be the simplest to write. Thematic essays are among such popular essay types. They are usually somewhat long, so it is not uncommon to have many different paragraphs to discuss a number of different points.

The Personality Of Personality Psychology - 2685 Words

Personality psychology is a vast field which includes theories ranging from biopsychosocial to behavioral to evolutionary for explaining differences in personality among individuals, cultures, sexes, and more. Even though some theories are stronger or more reliable than others, there is no one true answer for explaining origins and development of personality. Therefore it is my goal to better understand this phenomenon by analyzing a variety of studies and their findings for explaining differences in personality. Specifically, my focus is on personality differences between sexes and what these differences are influenced by. In addition, it is my intention to further understand the effects of personality measures, for example the difference†¦show more content†¦The assessment included self-report ratings made on a scale from 1 (disagree strongly) to 5 (agree strongly) (Schmitt et al. 2008). Beyond the assessment, Schmitt et al. (2008) did comprehensive meta-analysis across a variety of dimensions including cultural values, gender equality, and socioeconomic indicators. Cultural values indicators included Inglehart’s value dimensions, interpersonal trust and life satisfaction, materialist and post-materialist values, and Hofstede’s value dimensions. Gender equality indicators included sex ratio, Gender Empowerment Measure (GEM), Gender-Related Development Index (GDI), Sex ratios in smoking, female professional and technical workers, Sex differences in life expectancy, and sex differences in blood pressure. Finally, socioeconomic indicators included Human Development Index (HDI), gross domestic product per capita, school enrollment, life expectancy at birth, and the Gini index (Schmitt, et al. 2008). After analyzing all of the data, they found many sexual differences among the Big Five personality traits. First, they found that in 49 nations, women scored significantly higher than men for Neuroticism, thus making this category the largest magnitude of sex differences. Next, they found that in only one nation,Show MoreRelatedThe Personality Of Personality Psychology Essay1051 Words   |  5 Pages some researchers believe that the personality is the one thing about a person that does not change over time. Genetics and environment equally contribute to the development of the personality. This is shown through the nature/nurture principle. The way a person behaves towards others, and reacts towards the world around them is determined by that person’s individual personality. No two personalities are alike. 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Reliability is the measurement of consistency in results each time a test is repeated. For instance, if one is able to get the same results during an assessment more than once then the measurement is more thanRead MorePsychology : Theories Of Personality1577 Words   |  7 PagesKirtmanNPSY800-4 NORTHCENTRAL UNIVERSITY ASSIGNMENT COVER SHEET Student: Nisaa Kirtman PSY8100 CLIFFORD THEORIES OF PERSONALITY 4 (ANALYZE THE HUMANISTIC APPROACH TO UNDERSTANDING PERSONALITY) Faculty Use Only The Humanistic Approach to Understanding Personality In the 1950?s, the field of psychology was dominated mainly by two schools of thought: psychoanalytic theory (the unconscious mind and unconscious motivations that shape human